Progress of Research on Phytohormone Interaction in Germination of Direct-Seeded Rice under Submergence

Due to rainfall, closed weeding of paddy fields and other reasons, submergence stress often occurs during the germination emergence stages direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.), which leads intensified anaerobic respiration, accelerated consumption stored nutrients, difficulty in seeds, uneven seedlings varying yields. Recent advances understanding phytohormone interaction regulation signaling pathways crops have increased feasibility modulating responses phytohormones crop plants enhance adaptation environmental changes. In this review, we summarize recent progress their interactions with diverse internal external cues under submergence. We also discuss how these physiological modulations abundant crosstalk can be applied tolerance through manipulation seedling morphogenesis fine-tuning responses. Finally, complex could regulate metabolism respiration energy supply submerged thereby improving tolerance. This review hopes provide a basis for studies mechanisms promotion simplified cultivation model.